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I'm adamant in my stance in refusing to believe God works in quite that way, and I don't think any amount of evidence from the Bible is going to change how I feel - I'd have to actually be in contact with God himself. "If God's punishments are infinite, why must someone pay for something on Earth that is finite?" - I couldn't agree more.
That's fine, Egg, but there is one concern I have: if not from the Bible, then where are we to get any information about what God would or would not do? I suppose if you did have direct contact with God, then perhaps that would suffice. Perhaps. The problem is that the Bible was written by men who did in fact have direct contact with God. It is difficult, you must understand, to simply set aside what they had to say on the subject, particularly when it concerns what God himself had to say, which was, "I am the way, the truth, and the life; no one comes unto the Father except by me." And as one of his most trusted disciples put it, "There is no other name under heaven by which a person can be saved."
As for whether people should suffer eternally for a finite wrong: here's the problem. The Scriptures teach that the wrong men do actually shapes what they are. In other words, men not only commit evil, they also become evil. This is what we mean when we use the term "guilt." And the evil the human race has committed in its history is such that only an act of divine grace can overcome that evil. This is the whole point of the Incarnation, God becoming man, so that he could bring into the world the divine grace to counteract the evil of the world. Or, as Athanasius put it, he who was immortal became mortal so that he could make mortal men immortal.
So what we have is the evil in men continues, even when men set aside their deeds of evil and try to avoid them again. Yet, in order for this evil to be done away with, men must themselves be changed. This, once again, is tied to God becoming man so that he might change the nature of men. Yet what happens when men refuse to be changed? What happens when they do not wish to be cleansed from the wrongs they have committed? That evil persists in the form of guilt.
So, you see, that was the whole point of Christ's coming: so that he might cleanse mankind of all its guilt. Unfortunately, some men did not wish this cleansing. In some cases, it was because they did not accept that this Christ was the one who could do it for them. In other cases, it was because they didn't even want to acknowledge the guilt that they did have. But in any case, those who do not wish to be cleansed still bear their guilt, even beyond death. God had already provided them a way to escape it, but they did not wish it, so they miss out.
To summarize:
1. People who do wrong are guilty of that wrong.
2. In order to enter God's presence, one must be cleansed of that guilt.
3. Those who do not wish to be cleansed will not be able to enter God's presence.